As a clean energy source, solar photovoltaics should also be clean and transformed. This is also the expectation of solar photovoltaic power generation. However, after several years of explosive growth, there are some problems that need to be solved in this industry. Cleaner production is one of them.
In recent years, with the rapid expansion of production capacity, the issue of pollution and energy consumption in the photovoltaic industry has attracted much attention and questions. In this context, Greenpeace found out that by combing the various production links of the photovoltaic industry, technology is not an obstacle to achieving emission reduction and consumption reduction targets. The Chinese solar photovoltaic industry has the ability and should also be able to achieve cleaner production and let solar power generate electricity. This kind of low-carbon energy is truly clean.
"China is the world's largest producer of photovoltaic equipment. China's photovoltaic industry must not only provide clean energy to the world, but its own production should also and must be clean. In fact, photovoltaics must become truly clean, near-zero emission energy, There is no insurmountable obstacle," said Li An, director of the Greenpeace Climate and Energy Program.
Photovoltaic production was high on March 28. The “China's Photovoltaic Industry Cleaner Production Research Report†(hereinafter referred to as the “Reportâ€) issued by Greenpeace, an international environmental protection organization, pointed out that in terms of energy consumption, photovoltaic power generation is low-carbon energy; at the same time, There is no technical bottleneck in the realization of clean production in China's photovoltaic industry. The photovoltaic industry can achieve both environmental protection and reduce costs in a win-win situation.
The facts show that the clean production of the entire photovoltaic industry is indeed unsatisfactory. Taking the polysilicon link in the upstream of the industry as an example, at present, there are more than 70 polysilicon enterprises in China, and only 20 of them have met the requirements of the “Polysilicon Industry Access Requirements†promulgated in 2011, indicating that there are less than one-third of polysilicon enterprises in China. Energy consumption and environmental protection standards can meet the basic requirements for cleaner production. The scale of these 20 companies is also uneven, with some production scales reaching 10,000 tons, some smaller, some still under construction without actual production, and fewer than 10 companies that can continue production.
In addition to the polysilicon segment, there are as many as 700 to 800 downstream PV module companies in China. Only a few listed companies have issued corporate social responsibility reports, which disclose the energy consumption level of the company and the “three wastes†emissions. It now appears that this is the only way to disclose environmental information of photovoltaic companies. This exposes the lack of awareness of clean energy production among Chinese PV companies, and still stays in slogans and forms. The resulting illegal and irregularities, such as conventional pollution control, have many loopholes.
Energy consumption in the production process is relatively high. Can photovoltaic power generation be called a low-carbon energy source?
According to the report, the service life of general photovoltaic power generation systems is 25 years, and according to research estimates, the energy recovery period of solar photovoltaic power generation is only 1.3 years, which means that photovoltaic power generation is zero carbon in the subsequent 24 years. Emissions. The silicon-based solar cell photovoltaic power generation has a carbon emission of 33 to 50 g/kWh, while the coal power has a carbon emission of 96.7 g/kWh, the fuel power generation has a carbon emission of 525 g/kWh, and the gas power generation has a carbon emission of 377 g/kWh. Photovoltaic power generation is only one-tenth to one-twentieth of carbon emissions from fossil energy generation, and it is truly low-carbon energy.
The "Report" pointed out that the polysilicon segment bears the brunt of energy consumption and "three wastes" emission, and therefore has the largest space for reducing pollutants and reducing energy consumption, and has the greatest potential for cost reduction. Enterprises in this production process should strive to innovate and improve the improvement and improvement of clean production technologies as the company's core competitiveness.
"Three wastes" did not reach the standard of understanding, polysilicon manufacturing is the highest energy consumption in the entire production process.
According to the energy consumption level of the domestic photovoltaic industry, the following estimates are proposed. Does not include the energy consumption from silica sand to metallurgical silicon; the average level of the industry: 8 tons of silicon material to produce 1MW silicon wafer, calculate the energy consumption from the beginning of polysilicon to the entire industrial chain of photovoltaic system is 1.032 ~ 1.658kWh/Wp.
What are the main reasons for the "three wastes" emission non-compliance? The "Report" considers that there are three main reasons: First, local governments have unfavorable supervision of enterprises and lax enforcement; Second, the cost of non-compliance of enterprises is low, resulting in some enterprises, in the conventional pollutants: waste liquid, waste gas, solid waste The discharge of various indicators including biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand is unsatisfactory. Third, the lack of training for companies with special positions (such as management positions) and lax management may also cause environmental pollution accidents.
The "Report" believes that as a mature energy conversion technology, pollution that may occur in the photovoltaic production process can be solved through cleaner production technologies.
For example, in the production process of polysilicon, the emission of silicon tetrachloride can actually increase the conversion rate of silicon tetrachloride by cold-hydrogenation technology and can be effectively solved by using a closed-circuit cycle. The use of closed-circuit circulation can effectively solve the emission problems of silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane, and achieve the purpose of recycling and reuse. In the case of the hydrofluoric acid pollution accident that occurred in the “Jinke Energy†accident, the fluoride ions could be completely precipitated and treated by using alkali neutralization measures. At the same time, in the links involved, wastes must be strictly handled in accordance with operating procedures and handed over to qualified departments or units. These measures and technologies have been implemented in enterprises in China, indicating that technology is not a bottleneck for clean production.
However, most domestic companies still put cleaner production at the end of the stage of governance. They did not implement the concept of clean production from the source, and they did not upgrade their production technologies. This made the cost of governance high, but the effect was not satisfactory.
In addition, the industry lacks supervision and uniform industry production standards. In addition, local governments are blindly pursuing quantity in the process of vigorously developing new energy, local authorities and industrial parks to reduce waste emission standards in order to attract investment, or do not strictly implement relevant environmental standards. The implementation of supporting pollution control facilities is not in place, making the environmental impact of the photovoltaic industry a certain hidden danger.
At the same time, the polysilicon industry is in short supply in the early stage of development, causing manufacturers to ignore environmental standards and clean production. The domestic polysilicon industry, due to the late start, also faced the problems of backward technology and equipment.
Cleaner production needs to be standardized The China Resources Comprehensive Utilization Association, Chang Yu said: “At present, there are no enterprises in the country that can achieve 100% cycle production of silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane, and have not reached the “near-zero emission†standard. According to experience, there is no bottleneck in the technology of “near-zero emissions.†In the future, polysilicon enterprises can further reduce energy consumption through industrial upgrading and technological transformation, and their potential for emission reduction and cost reduction is enormous.â€
The "Report" mentioned that in areas where there is a shortage of energy and high electricity prices, there has been a trend of repeated construction, with illegal and non-compliance approvals in some areas, non-concession approval, and side-by-side approval. The lack of comprehensive utilization of these projects, environmental protection is not up to standard. The energy consumption of advanced foreign companies can be 80 to 100 kWh/kg, and the production cost is less than 25 US$/kg. However, the energy consumption of most domestic companies is still far from the advanced level, and their products are not competitive. High prices have caused some backward production capacity.
“Even taking into account the energy consumption and carbon emissions in the photovoltaic manufacturing process, the carbon emissions of photovoltaic power generation are still only one-tenth to one-twentieth of fossil energy, and they have unparalleled advantages in energy conservation and emission reduction. "Lee said.
The "Report" also pointed out that the reason why the production of the industry is currently unsatisfactory is that companies and governments have irresponsible responsibilities. Some companies still keep clean production at the end of the stage of governance, making the treatment cost high and the effect is not satisfactory; while the environmental protection department lacks supervision in the development of the photovoltaic industry, and the supporting sewage treatment facilities are not in place. This is the development of the photovoltaic industry. In the hidden dangers.
"The practice of reducing production costs by sacrificing the environment is tantamount to quenching the thirst. The photovoltaic industry must seek long-term and sound development. Clean production from the source is an inevitable choice." Liang added, "The harsh winter that the PV market is experiencing is precisely The good opportunities for enterprises to suspend technological transformation will, in the long run, promote the sustainable development of the industry. Only clean production capacity can meet the long-term challenges."
Therefore, Greenpeace urges the government to formulate a more comprehensive clean production standard for the photovoltaic industry as soon as possible and establish a relevant certification system as a market access standard, and regulate and guide the future development direction of the photovoltaic industry. Enterprises should also respond to the community's annual report on clean production, and openly and transparently disclose environmental indicators and energy consumption at all levels.
In recent years, with the rapid expansion of production capacity, the issue of pollution and energy consumption in the photovoltaic industry has attracted much attention and questions. In this context, Greenpeace found out that by combing the various production links of the photovoltaic industry, technology is not an obstacle to achieving emission reduction and consumption reduction targets. The Chinese solar photovoltaic industry has the ability and should also be able to achieve cleaner production and let solar power generate electricity. This kind of low-carbon energy is truly clean.
"China is the world's largest producer of photovoltaic equipment. China's photovoltaic industry must not only provide clean energy to the world, but its own production should also and must be clean. In fact, photovoltaics must become truly clean, near-zero emission energy, There is no insurmountable obstacle," said Li An, director of the Greenpeace Climate and Energy Program.
Photovoltaic production was high on March 28. The “China's Photovoltaic Industry Cleaner Production Research Report†(hereinafter referred to as the “Reportâ€) issued by Greenpeace, an international environmental protection organization, pointed out that in terms of energy consumption, photovoltaic power generation is low-carbon energy; at the same time, There is no technical bottleneck in the realization of clean production in China's photovoltaic industry. The photovoltaic industry can achieve both environmental protection and reduce costs in a win-win situation.
The facts show that the clean production of the entire photovoltaic industry is indeed unsatisfactory. Taking the polysilicon link in the upstream of the industry as an example, at present, there are more than 70 polysilicon enterprises in China, and only 20 of them have met the requirements of the “Polysilicon Industry Access Requirements†promulgated in 2011, indicating that there are less than one-third of polysilicon enterprises in China. Energy consumption and environmental protection standards can meet the basic requirements for cleaner production. The scale of these 20 companies is also uneven, with some production scales reaching 10,000 tons, some smaller, some still under construction without actual production, and fewer than 10 companies that can continue production.
In addition to the polysilicon segment, there are as many as 700 to 800 downstream PV module companies in China. Only a few listed companies have issued corporate social responsibility reports, which disclose the energy consumption level of the company and the “three wastes†emissions. It now appears that this is the only way to disclose environmental information of photovoltaic companies. This exposes the lack of awareness of clean energy production among Chinese PV companies, and still stays in slogans and forms. The resulting illegal and irregularities, such as conventional pollution control, have many loopholes.
Energy consumption in the production process is relatively high. Can photovoltaic power generation be called a low-carbon energy source?
According to the report, the service life of general photovoltaic power generation systems is 25 years, and according to research estimates, the energy recovery period of solar photovoltaic power generation is only 1.3 years, which means that photovoltaic power generation is zero carbon in the subsequent 24 years. Emissions. The silicon-based solar cell photovoltaic power generation has a carbon emission of 33 to 50 g/kWh, while the coal power has a carbon emission of 96.7 g/kWh, the fuel power generation has a carbon emission of 525 g/kWh, and the gas power generation has a carbon emission of 377 g/kWh. Photovoltaic power generation is only one-tenth to one-twentieth of carbon emissions from fossil energy generation, and it is truly low-carbon energy.
The "Report" pointed out that the polysilicon segment bears the brunt of energy consumption and "three wastes" emission, and therefore has the largest space for reducing pollutants and reducing energy consumption, and has the greatest potential for cost reduction. Enterprises in this production process should strive to innovate and improve the improvement and improvement of clean production technologies as the company's core competitiveness.
"Three wastes" did not reach the standard of understanding, polysilicon manufacturing is the highest energy consumption in the entire production process.
According to the energy consumption level of the domestic photovoltaic industry, the following estimates are proposed. Does not include the energy consumption from silica sand to metallurgical silicon; the average level of the industry: 8 tons of silicon material to produce 1MW silicon wafer, calculate the energy consumption from the beginning of polysilicon to the entire industrial chain of photovoltaic system is 1.032 ~ 1.658kWh/Wp.
What are the main reasons for the "three wastes" emission non-compliance? The "Report" considers that there are three main reasons: First, local governments have unfavorable supervision of enterprises and lax enforcement; Second, the cost of non-compliance of enterprises is low, resulting in some enterprises, in the conventional pollutants: waste liquid, waste gas, solid waste The discharge of various indicators including biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand is unsatisfactory. Third, the lack of training for companies with special positions (such as management positions) and lax management may also cause environmental pollution accidents.
The "Report" believes that as a mature energy conversion technology, pollution that may occur in the photovoltaic production process can be solved through cleaner production technologies.
For example, in the production process of polysilicon, the emission of silicon tetrachloride can actually increase the conversion rate of silicon tetrachloride by cold-hydrogenation technology and can be effectively solved by using a closed-circuit cycle. The use of closed-circuit circulation can effectively solve the emission problems of silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane, and achieve the purpose of recycling and reuse. In the case of the hydrofluoric acid pollution accident that occurred in the “Jinke Energy†accident, the fluoride ions could be completely precipitated and treated by using alkali neutralization measures. At the same time, in the links involved, wastes must be strictly handled in accordance with operating procedures and handed over to qualified departments or units. These measures and technologies have been implemented in enterprises in China, indicating that technology is not a bottleneck for clean production.
However, most domestic companies still put cleaner production at the end of the stage of governance. They did not implement the concept of clean production from the source, and they did not upgrade their production technologies. This made the cost of governance high, but the effect was not satisfactory.
In addition, the industry lacks supervision and uniform industry production standards. In addition, local governments are blindly pursuing quantity in the process of vigorously developing new energy, local authorities and industrial parks to reduce waste emission standards in order to attract investment, or do not strictly implement relevant environmental standards. The implementation of supporting pollution control facilities is not in place, making the environmental impact of the photovoltaic industry a certain hidden danger.
At the same time, the polysilicon industry is in short supply in the early stage of development, causing manufacturers to ignore environmental standards and clean production. The domestic polysilicon industry, due to the late start, also faced the problems of backward technology and equipment.
Cleaner production needs to be standardized The China Resources Comprehensive Utilization Association, Chang Yu said: “At present, there are no enterprises in the country that can achieve 100% cycle production of silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane, and have not reached the “near-zero emission†standard. According to experience, there is no bottleneck in the technology of “near-zero emissions.†In the future, polysilicon enterprises can further reduce energy consumption through industrial upgrading and technological transformation, and their potential for emission reduction and cost reduction is enormous.â€
The "Report" mentioned that in areas where there is a shortage of energy and high electricity prices, there has been a trend of repeated construction, with illegal and non-compliance approvals in some areas, non-concession approval, and side-by-side approval. The lack of comprehensive utilization of these projects, environmental protection is not up to standard. The energy consumption of advanced foreign companies can be 80 to 100 kWh/kg, and the production cost is less than 25 US$/kg. However, the energy consumption of most domestic companies is still far from the advanced level, and their products are not competitive. High prices have caused some backward production capacity.
“Even taking into account the energy consumption and carbon emissions in the photovoltaic manufacturing process, the carbon emissions of photovoltaic power generation are still only one-tenth to one-twentieth of fossil energy, and they have unparalleled advantages in energy conservation and emission reduction. "Lee said.
The "Report" also pointed out that the reason why the production of the industry is currently unsatisfactory is that companies and governments have irresponsible responsibilities. Some companies still keep clean production at the end of the stage of governance, making the treatment cost high and the effect is not satisfactory; while the environmental protection department lacks supervision in the development of the photovoltaic industry, and the supporting sewage treatment facilities are not in place. This is the development of the photovoltaic industry. In the hidden dangers.
"The practice of reducing production costs by sacrificing the environment is tantamount to quenching the thirst. The photovoltaic industry must seek long-term and sound development. Clean production from the source is an inevitable choice." Liang added, "The harsh winter that the PV market is experiencing is precisely The good opportunities for enterprises to suspend technological transformation will, in the long run, promote the sustainable development of the industry. Only clean production capacity can meet the long-term challenges."
Therefore, Greenpeace urges the government to formulate a more comprehensive clean production standard for the photovoltaic industry as soon as possible and establish a relevant certification system as a market access standard, and regulate and guide the future development direction of the photovoltaic industry. Enterprises should also respond to the community's annual report on clean production, and openly and transparently disclose environmental indicators and energy consumption at all levels.
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