With the development of China’s market economy, a large number of rural laborers are shifting to cities, which has led to the increasing proportion of traditional seedlings growing rapeseed artificially accounting for the cost of rapeseed production. Farmers are hard to continue intensive cultivation, cultivation measures cannot be put in place, and the yield and benefits of rapeseed production are high. decline. To this end, the promotion of light simplified cultivation techniques such as no-tillage transplanting, direct seeding, and mechanized operations for double-low rapeseed will help reduce labor intensity, reduce rapeseed production costs, and reduce water and soil erosion in winter cropland, and promote labor transfer, stability, and expansion. Rape planting area, improving the international competitiveness of rapeseed in China, broadening the channels for farmers to increase income, and improving the farming system are of important strategic significance. The technical system mainly includes the transplanting of no-tillage plates, live broadcasting, mechanized sowing and harvesting. At present, the applied area has accounted for about 30% of the total area of ​​rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin, and it has broad prospects for popularization and application.
Increased production and efficiency: Rape lightening and simplifying the province's labor-saving cultivation technology system has a wide range of contents, which is suitable for the promotion and application of the main rapeseed production areas in China. The economic, social, and ecological benefits are very significant. According to local trials and demonstrations, no-tillage planting and transplanting of rapeseed can save two man-made acres, saving a total of about 40 yuan for labor and machinery operations, and the Yangtze River can be used to expand the area. A set of live rapeseed can save 5-6 labors per acre, saving about 75 yuan in labor costs, saving about 30 yuan in raising seedlings, and increasing the efficiency by 100 yuan per mu. Machinery harvested rapeseed can be about 70 yuan per mu. The deduction of the cost of new machinery is 50 yuan, and the increase in revenue per mu is still around 20 yuan. Thanks to the promotion of the technical system, Mu can save 3 to 5 individual workers, which is of great significance in relieving the contradiction of seasonal employment, reducing labor intensity and enhancing market competitiveness.
Technical points: Simplified low-cost rapeseed technology The high-efficiency cultivation technology is developed under the rapid development of the rural economy and the continuous increase in labor costs. The technology includes rich technology, diverse types, and adaptable scope. wide. The following are two models with more mature testing, larger area for promotion and application, and significant economic benefits:
1. Double-low rapeseed no-till plate transplanting technology mode
Compared with the high-yielding cultivation techniques for double-low rapeseed, the technical measures such as regional layout, species selection, plot requirements, timely sowing, strong seedlings cultivation, and reasonable close planting are basically the same, but there are the following points for no-tillage planting and transplanting. Key technologies:
(1) Drain the drain. Before the rice harvested, the rice was drained in time before harvesting. Immediately after the rice was harvested, the “three internal and external ditches†were dug, so that the three channels were matched and the irrigation and drainage were smooth, and the irrigation and drainage were able to be conducted.
(2) Afforestation and planting. In the case of continuous rainy weather, we must remove surface water in a timely manner; in case of prolonged drought, we should fill the horse water before transplanting so that the field surface is moist and we can transplant it at the right time.
(3) Chemical weeding. 5 to 7 days before transplanting, 20% of mu is used without trace or Roundup 150 to 200 ml, or 50% of paracetamol 100 grams plus 12.5% ​​of Gaifu to 30 to 50 ml, 50 kg of water, on the surface In addition to single and dicotyledonous weeds. Or after transplanting live trees, about 2 leaves of weeds will be used, and 12.5% ​​of mu will be used for mu 40-50 ml and 50 kg of water will be sprayed.
(4) Mid-term management. Transplanting rapeseed with shallow roots and easy soil compaction, the spring soil temperature rises slowly in the spring and tends to decline prematurely in the late period. Before winter, it is necessary to combine slashing and gullying, to make cultivating loose soil and picking roots, and to practice cultivating 2 or 3 times. Increase the wintering fertilizer, can be used spring fertilizer Lashi, early application, reapply manure, urge spring hair, late see seedlings make up the appropriate fertilizer, prevent premature aging.
2. Double-low rape cultivation technology
(1) Variety selection. The general sowing date of the live rapeseed is relatively late, so it is advisable to use double-low rapeseed varieties that have fast seedling growth, long-term seeding resistance, high yield potential, compact plant type, and strong resistance to disease and lodging, such as "Zhongyouza 2" and "Huaza 6". No. 4, "Xiang Huzai No. 4", "Qin You No. 7", "Yuyou No. 18", "Yangyou No. 6", "Ningyou No. 12", "Huyou 16" and so on.
(2) Suitable for early broadcast. The critical period for suitable sowing in different places is not the same, and sowing early in the appropriate period should not be too late. Usually can only be delayed 7 to 10 days than seedling transplanting rapeseed, suitable for the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River Valley sowing period in late September to early October, the downstream area can be postponed until around mid-October. Later, it is possible to carry out paddy field planting in Hubei Province, Anhui Province, and Jiangsu Province in the northern Jiangsu region around October 20, and Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu Province in southern Jiangsu can be delayed until around October 25. Strict control of the symbiosis period of 5 to 7 days.
(3) suitable for sowing density. Suitable for basic seedlings per acre is 20,000 to 30,000, 0.2-0.35 kilograms per acre sowing, rice field arbitrage plots to increase the appropriate amount of sowing. Specifically, reasonable adjustment should be made according to the sowing date, variety characteristics, and fertilizer dosage. Seed sowing method of live rape can be broadcasted, drilled and broadcasted. Conditional areas can be drilled by rice or wheat seedlings or sprayed by a mist sprayer. The seeding distance is about 40 centimeters. The seeding should be uniform and the depth should be the same.
(4) 墒 墒 preparation and broadcast. The key technology of direct-set rapeseed is to broadcast all seedlings, seedlings, seedlings, and uniforms, which require a high degree of soil moisture. For the former cropland, weeds should be cleaned of field weeds before planting. The soil can be ploughed properly. According to the soil moisture and weather conditions, we should properly fill the drains before sowing and keep the soil moisture content at about 20%. For the former rice paddy field, open the Sichuan word ditch before the paddy field to facilitate irrigation and drainage. Before sowing, we must do a good job in the management of paddy field water slurry, take into account the benefits of rice and oil, and keep the field dry and wet. When the weather is dry, the horse water is irrigated once 8 to 10 days before rice ploughing. If there is too much rain, we must ditch and dampen in time to create conditions for proper planting. When using paddy live rape, the cut rice is about 10 cm high, and the straw in the field is removed. The pad is cut low, the footprint pond is filled, and the field surface is leveled to prevent rotten ponds from stagnating. The soil moisture content is controlled at 20% to 30%.
(5) Apply base fertilizer and evenly sow. Live rape requires the application of basal fertilizer and seed fertilizer in advance, and appropriate increase in proportion, accounting for about 50% to 60% of the total amount of a lifetime fertilization. General requirements of basal fertilizer with long-acting fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer mixed, Mushi human excrement 1000 ~ 1500 kg, 30 kg high-concentration compound fertilizer, urea 5 kg, 0.5 kg borax. Putting rapeseed into the field in 7 to 9 days before rice harvest. After 2 days of fertilization, 5 kg of urea or rapeseed compound fertilizer is mixed with the seeds and mixed with the sowing, artificial broadcast or mist sprayer. Set the sowing amplitude when planting so as to ensure uniform seeding. Live rape can be sown with 2BG-6(5)A rice/rice seed drill after the rice leaves the field, and the seeding hole in the seeding box of the seed drill is sealed at an interval, the row spacing is adjusted to 40 cm, and the seeding depth is adjusted to 1.5 ~ 2.0 cm. When the soil moisture content is about 20% of the ploughed fields or rice paddy fields with soil moisture content less than 30%, a full-scale shallow smashing operation should be adopted. When the soil moisture content is higher than 30% of the paddy field, a narrow blasting operation should be adopted. When planting, the speed of seeding shall be adjusted according to the seeding rate, and the observation of seed reserves, plugging of seed, and ramming of soil shall be observed to prevent the occurrence of broken ridges and shortages.
(6) Supporting ditch and cover grass. After the rice leaves the field and after sowing, it is necessary to establish a ditch system in time to ensure smooth irrigation and drainage. When the soil moisture content is about 70%, trenching or artificial trenching is used, generally 2.5 meters wide and 20 centimeters wide. Spread the gully evenly on the surface of the sorghum, and the paddy fields should be planted with rape to ensure that the thickness of the cover soil is about 2.5 cm. After winter, it is necessary to check whether the channel system is unblocked and prevent the drainage system from being blocked due to freeze-thaw and collapse. In combination with the ditch and gullies, cultivating loose soil, covering the straw before the onset of the cold current, frost insulation.
(7) Thinning and Dingling. In the period of 2 to 3 leaves, seedlings should be transplanted early, mainly removing the seedlings of seedlings, ploughing seedlings, and small and weak seedlings. At the same time, the presence of ridges and ridges should be checked to see if there are any broken ridges. Before and after the 4 to 5 leaf stage, according to the growing conditions of the field and the fertilization level, the seedlings should be set appropriately, and the general density should be controlled within the range of 20,000 to 30,000 plants.
(8) In addition to control. Prior to sowing, the surface spray culminated with 300 ml of 41% of Roundup water, 30 kg of water or 80-100 ml of acetochlor, and 15-20 kg of water, or before mid-late-November, at an average temperature of 5 to 5 8°C and above, before and after the 3rd leaf stage, use 12.5% ​​of gaisengergic emulsifiable concentrate 50ml or 10% glycerol emulsifiable concentrate 150ml 30kg water to control grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds. If the grass condition is not controlled, the second supplement will be done after the Spring Festival. Paclobutrazol is one of the important technical measures for freeze-proof, lodging resistance and high yield of direct-set oilseed rape. Generally, from the end of November to the beginning of December, 15% paclobutrazol per mu is used for 30-50 grams, 50 kg of water is sprayed, and strong seedlings are sprayed. Small and weak seedlings spray less, control and prosperous strong, protect the seedlings safe winter.
(9) Scientific fertilization. In fertilizer management, early application of seedling fertilizer, make-up wax fertilizer, early application of heavy fertilizer, total application of pure nitrogen amount of about 15 kg, balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer. Miao Fei is mainly quick-acting fertilizer, applying 3 to 5 kg of urea per mu or supplementing human and animal husbandry. Generally, the rapeseed is applied 3 to 4 days after rice is harvested, and the live rapeseed is applied after setting seedlings. Insufficient base fertilizer, weak growing fields to recover early Miaofei. In the seedling stage and returning to the green convulsions period, the disease prevention and pest control are combined, and about 0.5 kg of boron is sprayed on the water. The wax fertilizer is mainly farmyard fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Early application of fertilizer after returning green convulsions, about 30% of the total amount of fertilizer, about 10 to 12 kg of urea per acre.
(10) Disease prevention and pest control. The major pests and diseases of rape are Sclerotinia, damping-off and aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and yellow-fleshed triceratops. Of these, sclerotia are common and most harmful. In order to prevent damage, in addition to adopting crop rotation, seed treatment, clearing trenches, reducing moisture, and other measures, it is generally possible to apply 50% of bacillus sclerotia 80-100 g per acre to spray evenly on the initial flowering stage and flowering stage. .
(11) timely harvest. About 30 days after the final flowering of the rapeseed, 80% of the main pods turn to yellow, and the seed coat exhibits the inherent color quality, and early harvesting will be carried out. In addition to manual collection, it is also possible to use mechanical or manual harvesting and mechanical threshing. When mechanical harvesting is used, about 2 to 3 days before harvesting, the ripening treatment by pods can significantly reduce the loss of shed particles and improve the working efficiency.
Appropriate area: The technical system has a wide range of contents and is suitable for demonstration and promotion of the main production areas of rape in China.
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